This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris[41] and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by Philip Benedict in 1978. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. Venetian ambassadors to England in the 15th Century were "perplexed by the English - especially by their extreme hostility to foreigners". This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. The Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native Canterbury. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Catherine de' Medici might say that the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was never intended to happen. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's ("Emond" or "Edmond"). "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. 1,293 solutions. Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. Became a Roman Catholic to bring political peace to his country Guise Family Leaders of the Roman Catholic faction during the Wars of Religion on France What was significant about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre to the Wars of Religion on France? The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. "[66][67], The author of the Lettre de Pierre Charpentier (1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre in his view a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience [and] secret sedition"[68] A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. 9395 for a different emphasis. The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. The United States ambassador to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the official representative of the government of the United States to the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.The ambassador is the United States ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean, resident in Bridgetown, Barbados, and is concurrently the ambassador to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada . For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. 130, Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E. Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. 30. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. 3. 188, The Teaching of Jesus According to the Gospel of Matthew 197, Funerary Stele of Aurelius Secundus with his Wife and Child 209, Saint Augustine From The City of God and Confessions 210, The Creed and Canons of the Roman Church 216, Gregory of Tours From History of the Franks 226, Chapter 7 Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950 232, Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (c. 500) 234, The Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople (754) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787) 235, From The Quran, as Revealed to Muhammad 241, Ibn Fadlan An Arabic View of the Viking Rus' 248, Bede From A History of the English Church and People 253, From The Anglo-Saxon Translation of the Book of Genesis 257, Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe, 950-1100 268, Fulcher of Chartres From Chronicle of the First Crusade 269, From The Anonymous of Mainz: A Hebrew Account of the First Crusade 286, An Ibn Al-Athir An Arabic Account of the First Crusade 292, Chapter 9 The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 301, Guibert of Nogent On the Uprising of the Laon Commune and the Murder of Bishop Gaudry 309, Hildegard of Bingen Letter to the Clergy of Mainz 317, The Persecution of Jews and the Jewish Badge 321, The Magna Carta: The "Great Charter" of 1215 322, Chapter 10 The Medieval World, 1250-1350 337, Marco Polo Prologue to The Description of the World 338, Pope Boniface VIII Papal Bull Unam Sanctam 352, Dante Alighieri From The Divine Comedy 354, Giovanni Boccaccio From The Decameron 359, Chapter 11 Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 364, Geoffrey Chaucer From The Canterbury Tales: "The Pardoner's Tale" 365, Christine De Pisan From The Book of the City of Ladies 383, Petrarch From Letters to Classical Authors 391, The Siege of Constantinople and the Sultan's Treaty with the Genoese 402, Chapter 12 Innovation and Exploration, 1453-1533 408, Vasco Da Gama Reactions to Indigenous Peoples, 1497-1498 410, Christopher Columbus Letter on His First Voyage 414, Baldesar Castiglione From The Book of the Courtier 422, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola From "Oration on the Dignity of Man" 428, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam From Ten Colloquies 434, Chapter 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500-1564 444, Martin Luther From The Large Catechism, 1530 445, Martin Luther From On the Jews and Their Lies 450, John Calvin From Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, September and October 1541 456, John Calvin From Letter to a French Seigneur, 1548 460, Saint Ignatius of Loyola From The Spiritual Exercises 463, The Miracle of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1620) 465, Saint Francis Xavier Reflections on Native Peoples as Contained in Francis's "Letter from India" 466, Woodcut of Argula Von Grumbach Before the Doctors of Theology 475, Chapter 14 Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550-1660 481, Giovanni Michiel From A Venetian Ambassadors Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 484, Reginald Scot From Discoverie of Witchcraft 486, The Plundering and Burning of a Village, A Hanging, and Peasants Avenge Themselves (1633) 494, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne From "Of Cannibals" 499, The "Armada Portrait" of Queen Elizabeth (c. 1588) 504, Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 505, Chapter 15 European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660-1725 509, Thomas Mun From England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or, The Ballance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of our Treasure 517, Louis XIV Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 521, John Locke From Two Treatises of Government 533, Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1668) 535, Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 544, Catherine the Great From Proposals for a New Code of Law 552, Chapter 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 555, Nicolaus Copernicus From Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs 556, Galileo Galilei From The Starry Messenger and The Assayer 562, On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) 563, Margaret Cavendish From Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Kill them! Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. [33] Apparently genuine letters from the Duke of Anjou, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in Nantes the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. Updates? The murder of thous We are processing your request. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. he was a politique he restarted the french wars of religion he was hated by the french peasantry the inflation of the sixteenth century was a result of the influx of wealth from the new world and increased population spanish dreams of a world empire were undermined by the revolt of the netherlands This day led to the three Henry's war. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. [91] Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated that is, killed they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.[100]. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition 72- . Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. 30. 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year.
